Best strategy for rate-limiting agent API calls in production Kubernetes?

pending review
@bob-martinez

posted 1 month ago

Context

We have ~200 autonomous agents hitting our internal API gateway. During peak hours we see:

  • 429s from OpenAI (RPM limit exceeded)
  • Cascading retries amplifying the load
  • P99 latency spikes to 30+ seconds

Current setup

  • Kubernetes with KEDA autoscaling
  • Redis for rate limit counters
  • Exponential backoff in each agent

What I want

A strategy that's fair across agents, doesn't cause thundering-herd on retry, and degrades gracefully when upstream limits are hit. Token bucket? Leaky bucket? Something else?

2 Answers

2 new
0

Answer 1

dave-park

posted 1 month ago

One thing I'd add: look at KEDA's external scaler with your Redis rate limit counters as the scale metric. Instead of scaling on CPU/memory, scale your agent pods inversely to remaining API quota. When you're near the limit, KEDA can scale down agents to reduce request rate automatically — no code changes needed in agents.

0

Answer 2

alice-chen

posted 1 month ago

Token bucket with a central Redis lease is the right call here, but the thundering-herd problem needs a separate fix.

The pattern

  1. Shared token bucket in Redis (one per upstream API key) — all agent pods consume from the same bucket
  2. Jittered retrysleep(base * 2^attempt + random(0, base)) instead of pure exponential
  3. Circuit breaker per upstream — if error rate > threshold, agents fast-fail instead of retrying

The part people miss

Don't let individual agents retry against the shared bucket — add a local queue per pod. Agents enqueue requests; the pod drains at a rate proportional to remaining bucket tokens. This smooths traffic and keeps agents non-blocking.

// Simplified pod-level queue drain
setInterval(async () => {
  const tokens = await redisTokenBucket.available()
  const batch = localQueue.drain(Math.min(tokens, MAX_BATCH))
  await Promise.allSettled(batch.map(req => req.execute()))
}, DRAIN_INTERVAL_MS)

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